Communication Ia

INTRODUCTION For this Portfolio, the theme I chose was ‘Peer Pressure in Sport'. Even though Peer Pressure is a broad topic, personally, I chose this theme because of my observations and experiences developed due to my involvement in sports and with other athletes. This topic can assist my academic background by showing me how to deal with people. It can also help me with my future career of being a professional rugby player where I can learn to cope and deal with issues that may come my way. This theme would be portrayed in a short dialogue where it would be analyzed and discussed.A dialogue about a group of youths who are given an opportunity to show their talent where only seven players were needed. This caused a player to stop the sport because he wasn't chosen. This genre was chosen because in my view, the theme was placed in a context where the reader can read and understand the points that would be brought forward without having to read between the lines. For my Exposito ry, the Primary Source that would be used is a Questionnaire and the Secondary Source would be a website, www. bbc. com. These sources would assist my investigation and my research question. PREFACEPeer Pressure is the influence exerted by a peer group or an individual, encouraging other individuals to change their attitudes, values or behaviors in order to conform to group norms. This reflective is exhibited in as a dialogue because I believe that readers may better understand the concept when placed in a real life situation. This piece shows a group of teenagers from around the neighborhood, mainly footballers, who are subjected to pick their best six players and a keeper for a tournament. The setting of the dramatic piece is taken in a neighborhood.This piece was produced and intended for a teenage audience who participate in sport activities or teenagers who watch sports. The type of language used in the reflective would allow them relate to the situation and also allow a little comic relief. This piece is expected to target the specified audience because of the negative and positive impacts on youths. They can also relate to experiencing or observing this type of situation or one similar in any sport they play or that they would like to play. This dialogue can be used at a school or at a presentation amongst teenage athletes.This would allow them REFLECTIVE Scene 1 This scene begins on the corner of Tern Drive. This occurs in the evening time when the youths of the neighborhood usually come out their houses to hang out. Kerry: Wah going on fellas? Wats d vybz. Jody: I’m alright and you? Keevyn: I just dey for d while. Curtis: Wats the plan tonight fellas? Sweat awa? Brian: Yeah, I for dat. Allyuh hadda call out d rest ah them though. Five ah we cyah sweat alone. Kerry: Yeah boi Keevyn. You have d bike so start pedaling cuz I not walking. We would meet ur on d field. Keevyn: Steupzz, always doing me this yes.Waheva, I would meet allyuh on d field. ( Everyone departs, Keevyn on his bike to call out the others and the rest walking away to the field. ) Scene 2 On the field the friendly game of football begins. It goes on for a while, while other guys appear to partake in the custom. An unknown man also appears to watch the game. After a shot was taken wide of the goal he calls in everyone. Mr. Mac: Youths Come! Come! May I have a few seconds of your playing time? Kerry: Wam pops, what you want? I hope is not any Jehovah witness thing. (Everyone laughs) Mr. Mac: No , my name is Mr.Mac I want to place an offer for you young footballers. Curtis: Well hurry up. Talk fast cuz d lights does come off ten. Mr. Mac: I am hosting a tournament in the indoor facility in Chaguanas. It is six and a keeper tournament but it’s only one more side I need. So choose your best six and let me know. The prize is $6,000. 00 and free to enter. (They all become enthusiastic about it and start talking amongst themselves. ) Kerry: Aite fellas. All ah we look interested, so we for it. Jody: Well I guess Keevyn would be the goalkeeper because he is very good in the goal post.Keevyn: Waheva, don’t matter to me. Just choose a good side cuz if I get more than 3 I walking off. Kerry: Aite, the side is me, Keevyn, Curtis, Jody, Brian, Beans and Muscle Frog. Che: So what bout me? I way better dan Beans. He is rel filth and he rel slow. Brian: Nah Che. Beans having ting. He is a good playmaker. He could reach rel far dawg. You on the other hand should stop play football on a whole. Imagine you on d reserve side for Couva Sec. relax dawg. Khellon: (laughing scandalously) You have one seta cricketers starting before you. Best you really stop yes. Che: Steupzz forget allyuh boy dan.I going home. That why allyuh not going to win anything. (Che walks off very angrily talking to himself and kicking the floor. ) Mr. Mac: OK. Enough with that petty squabble. Here is my card, (He hands Kerry the card) and you can call me to register the n ames of the players you have chosen. I have some more pressing matters to attend to so my time is short. Good Bye for now. (Mr. Mac makes his departure and the boys go back to play football. ) Scene 3 The team they carried to the tournament won it and some of the players were scouted for Pro League teams.They all came out to have their evening sweat a week after for the first time since the tournament. They sent Keevyn to call out the rest of players. Keevyn: Che! Che! Afternoon! Sweat boi. (Che walks outside to his gate) Che: Nah boi, me and football is not no friend again. I realize allyuh men was talking sense last time so forget it. Keevyn: (laughs softly) You serious dan. Waheva dawgie you do your ting. Che: Yea boi allyuh is rel fake friend. (Che walks back inside his house while Keevyn rides away to call out the rest of the players. (Keevyn reaches the field already sweating to meet some of the guys juggling the ball. ) Keevyn: Eh allyuh know d youth man really stop play foot ball. Jody: Who are you talking about? Keevyn: Che boi! D man say we was telling d truth when Mr. Mac was here. So he really stops play football. Kerry: (With a puzzled look on his face) Hmm. He cyah be serious. Waheva yes. Forget bout he. If he cyah take talk, football is really not for him. Jody: So are we going to stand and talk for the rest of the night or play football? Everyone realizes then run unto the field to begin the match. ) ANALYTICAL This analysis is written to show the different aspects of communication. The genre of work that would be analyzed is a dramatic piece. The aspects of communication that would ensure a proper analysis are the registers used and the dialectal variations exhibited. The reflective was written to give off a comedic effect to try to keep the intended audience alert and not bore them, but also put across the points that were needed to show them situation at hand.It was also written presupposing that the readers have encountered or will encounter experiences to which they can relate and base their discernment upon the devices employed in the piece. Throughout the piece, an informal register was used amongst the youths of the neighborhood. This can be shown because of the types of slangs used. Register is the kind of language used that is appropriate to a particular context or situation. For example â€Å"Wah going on fellas? Wats d vybz? † This type of language was used because of how they have been friends for a great period of time and that they play football together.However, a more formal tone is exchanged between Mr. Mac and the youths, e. g. â€Å": Youths Come! Come! May I have a few seconds of your playing time? †. This level of formality is due to the fact that Mr. Mac was meeting them for the first time. Mr. Mac and Jody are the only two characters who spoke Standard English and applying the acrolect variation. Mr. Mac’s use of the language may have been because of his social status or that he wanted to sound as if he actually does have status to promote his tournament. It may have also been because he was well educated.Jody, however, may have just grown up in an environment where the language he speaks is favored more, seeing that he speaks the language even in an informal setting. The rest of the characters spoke a more basilect variation of the language. This may have been because of the setting and that they are comfortable with the language they speak or that they came from a lower class. Many of the youth’s speech contained typical creole structure such as the replacement of the ‘th’ with the ‘d’ as shown in the example â€Å"Eh allyuh know d youth man.. †. Communication Ia INTRODUCTION For this Portfolio, the theme I chose was ‘Peer Pressure in Sport'. Even though Peer Pressure is a broad topic, personally, I chose this theme because of my observations and experiences developed due to my involvement in sports and with other athletes. This topic can assist my academic background by showing me how to deal with people. It can also help me with my future career of being a professional rugby player where I can learn to cope and deal with issues that may come my way. This theme would be portrayed in a short dialogue where it would be analyzed and discussed.A dialogue about a group of youths who are given an opportunity to show their talent where only seven players were needed. This caused a player to stop the sport because he wasn't chosen. This genre was chosen because in my view, the theme was placed in a context where the reader can read and understand the points that would be brought forward without having to read between the lines. For my Exposito ry, the Primary Source that would be used is a Questionnaire and the Secondary Source would be a website, www. bbc. com. These sources would assist my investigation and my research question. PREFACEPeer Pressure is the influence exerted by a peer group or an individual, encouraging other individuals to change their attitudes, values or behaviors in order to conform to group norms. This reflective is exhibited in as a dialogue because I believe that readers may better understand the concept when placed in a real life situation. This piece shows a group of teenagers from around the neighborhood, mainly footballers, who are subjected to pick their best six players and a keeper for a tournament. The setting of the dramatic piece is taken in a neighborhood.This piece was produced and intended for a teenage audience who participate in sport activities or teenagers who watch sports. The type of language used in the reflective would allow them relate to the situation and also allow a little comic relief. This piece is expected to target the specified audience because of the negative and positive impacts on youths. They can also relate to experiencing or observing this type of situation or one similar in any sport they play or that they would like to play. This dialogue can be used at a school or at a presentation amongst teenage athletes.This would allow them REFLECTIVE Scene 1 This scene begins on the corner of Tern Drive. This occurs in the evening time when the youths of the neighborhood usually come out their houses to hang out. Kerry: Wah going on fellas? Wats d vybz. Jody: I’m alright and you? Keevyn: I just dey for d while. Curtis: Wats the plan tonight fellas? Sweat awa? Brian: Yeah, I for dat. Allyuh hadda call out d rest ah them though. Five ah we cyah sweat alone. Kerry: Yeah boi Keevyn. You have d bike so start pedaling cuz I not walking. We would meet ur on d field. Keevyn: Steupzz, always doing me this yes.Waheva, I would meet allyuh on d field. ( Everyone departs, Keevyn on his bike to call out the others and the rest walking away to the field. ) Scene 2 On the field the friendly game of football begins. It goes on for a while, while other guys appear to partake in the custom. An unknown man also appears to watch the game. After a shot was taken wide of the goal he calls in everyone. Mr. Mac: Youths Come! Come! May I have a few seconds of your playing time? Kerry: Wam pops, what you want? I hope is not any Jehovah witness thing. (Everyone laughs) Mr. Mac: No , my name is Mr.Mac I want to place an offer for you young footballers. Curtis: Well hurry up. Talk fast cuz d lights does come off ten. Mr. Mac: I am hosting a tournament in the indoor facility in Chaguanas. It is six and a keeper tournament but it’s only one more side I need. So choose your best six and let me know. The prize is $6,000. 00 and free to enter. (They all become enthusiastic about it and start talking amongst themselves. ) Kerry: Aite fellas. All ah we look interested, so we for it. Jody: Well I guess Keevyn would be the goalkeeper because he is very good in the goal post.Keevyn: Waheva, don’t matter to me. Just choose a good side cuz if I get more than 3 I walking off. Kerry: Aite, the side is me, Keevyn, Curtis, Jody, Brian, Beans and Muscle Frog. Che: So what bout me? I way better dan Beans. He is rel filth and he rel slow. Brian: Nah Che. Beans having ting. He is a good playmaker. He could reach rel far dawg. You on the other hand should stop play football on a whole. Imagine you on d reserve side for Couva Sec. relax dawg. Khellon: (laughing scandalously) You have one seta cricketers starting before you. Best you really stop yes. Che: Steupzz forget allyuh boy dan.I going home. That why allyuh not going to win anything. (Che walks off very angrily talking to himself and kicking the floor. ) Mr. Mac: OK. Enough with that petty squabble. Here is my card, (He hands Kerry the card) and you can call me to register the n ames of the players you have chosen. I have some more pressing matters to attend to so my time is short. Good Bye for now. (Mr. Mac makes his departure and the boys go back to play football. ) Scene 3 The team they carried to the tournament won it and some of the players were scouted for Pro League teams.They all came out to have their evening sweat a week after for the first time since the tournament. They sent Keevyn to call out the rest of players. Keevyn: Che! Che! Afternoon! Sweat boi. (Che walks outside to his gate) Che: Nah boi, me and football is not no friend again. I realize allyuh men was talking sense last time so forget it. Keevyn: (laughs softly) You serious dan. Waheva dawgie you do your ting. Che: Yea boi allyuh is rel fake friend. (Che walks back inside his house while Keevyn rides away to call out the rest of the players. (Keevyn reaches the field already sweating to meet some of the guys juggling the ball. ) Keevyn: Eh allyuh know d youth man really stop play foot ball. Jody: Who are you talking about? Keevyn: Che boi! D man say we was telling d truth when Mr. Mac was here. So he really stops play football. Kerry: (With a puzzled look on his face) Hmm. He cyah be serious. Waheva yes. Forget bout he. If he cyah take talk, football is really not for him. Jody: So are we going to stand and talk for the rest of the night or play football? Everyone realizes then run unto the field to begin the match. ) ANALYTICAL This analysis is written to show the different aspects of communication. The genre of work that would be analyzed is a dramatic piece. The aspects of communication that would ensure a proper analysis are the registers used and the dialectal variations exhibited. The reflective was written to give off a comedic effect to try to keep the intended audience alert and not bore them, but also put across the points that were needed to show them situation at hand.It was also written presupposing that the readers have encountered or will encounter experiences to which they can relate and base their discernment upon the devices employed in the piece. Throughout the piece, an informal register was used amongst the youths of the neighborhood. This can be shown because of the types of slangs used. Register is the kind of language used that is appropriate to a particular context or situation. For example â€Å"Wah going on fellas? Wats d vybz? † This type of language was used because of how they have been friends for a great period of time and that they play football together.However, a more formal tone is exchanged between Mr. Mac and the youths, e. g. â€Å": Youths Come! Come! May I have a few seconds of your playing time? †. This level of formality is due to the fact that Mr. Mac was meeting them for the first time. Mr. Mac and Jody are the only two characters who spoke Standard English and applying the acrolect variation. Mr. Mac’s use of the language may have been because of his social status or that he wanted to sound as if he actually does have status to promote his tournament. It may have also been because he was well educated.Jody, however, may have just grown up in an environment where the language he speaks is favored more, seeing that he speaks the language even in an informal setting. The rest of the characters spoke a more basilect variation of the language. This may have been because of the setting and that they are comfortable with the language they speak or that they came from a lower class. Many of the youth’s speech contained typical creole structure such as the replacement of the ‘th’ with the ‘d’ as shown in the example â€Å"Eh allyuh know d youth man.. †.

Shrimp Cultivation

1. Shrimps cultivation has been found to have an impact on the socio-economic and the environment through many studies conducted all over the world. Studies in India showed shrimp cultivation to cost nearly two times the annual earnings of those regions. Moreover the process of shrimp cultivation leads to contamination of fresh water which negatively impact healthy water and reduces the coastal lines which makes coastal regions more prone to hurricanes and tornadoes. 2.The shrimp industry benefits three to four million â€Å"mostly poor† Bangladeshis while providing livelihood directly numbering some 11, 50,000 people. In 2007-2008, a total of 2, 23,095 Metric ton shrimp produced in Bangladesh that contributes 19,567. 90 core taka in the GNP. There is ample demand in the international markets for shrimp and Bangladesh is blessed with an environment friendly for shrimp production. So obviously, the shrimp industry has a huge potential for Bangladesh.Through various studies it w ere also found that shrimp industry did increase the income levels of the people and help them to enjoy a better standard of living. 3. Shrimps cultivation in also observed to have impacts of the social structure which leads to increased migration, social conflict and degradation of health. Moreover, it also cause impact on the bio-diversity, mangrove forest, soil and marine species, salinity, degradation of land and de-stabilization of coastal ecosystems. Bangladesh has been predominantly an agricultural based nation.Degradation of agricultural land will directly affect the food security and livestock of many people. Moreover as Bangladesh is a riverine nation saline waters for shrimp ponds can seep to all the other river bodies and contaminate the waters. 4. Shrimp Industry usually have a limited life-span of about 10 years observed in Bangladesh, Thailand and India. Shrimp farms located in Sunderbands, Khulna, Bhola, Bagerhaat and Barisal also encounter such short life-span. 5. B angladesh shrimp cultivators mostly us extensive to super-intensive shrimp farming techniques.These methods are very harsh and have serious crippling effects on the bio-diversity and the mangrove coastlines. Of about 35% of the world’s mangrove forests have been cleared due to this. 6. Unregulated shrimp farming and improper land zoning legislations have led to social uses such as land grabbing, improper land use and impairment for other fisheries cultivations. Shrimp cultivation have also seen uneven wealth distribution which eventually lead to further societal disputes.

March Madness Essay

March is one of the craziest, fun-filled, exciting months of the year, especially for people who love basketball. St. Patrick’s Day arrives, the warmth is just starting to come back; but that is not the best part, it’s all the March Madness. The NCAA Basketball Tournament brings happiness, laughter and upsets to some people and teams. Every Division 1 Basketball team in the country plays to eventually make it to the Sweet Sixteen on the bracket, in hopes of being the new NCAA Basketball Champions. Some teams struggle, while others come out on top. â€Å"The Game That Saved March Madness† written by Sean Gregory, Time staff writer who has been writing about sports for about a decade, and Alexander Wolff, a writer for Sports Illustrated, talks about the legendary game between the Georgetown and Princeton Men’s basketball teams in 1989 that saved the tradition of what is known as March Madness today. This game meant so much to the NCAA and fans who love the game of basketball because it was somewhat of a rebirth for college basketball. They talk about how Princeton, who was a number 16 seed in their division, played extremely well and almost won the game against the number 1 seed, Georgetown. Even though they fell one point short in the last few seconds, they made history and brought this tournament back to life because never has a seed that low in a division ever put up that great of a game against a top team in the country. People who like basketball should read this article because Gregory and Wolff give the history of March Madness and they interest the reader with intricate details of this event. History is an important part of everything in this world, whether it be culture, religion, or even sports. Gregory and Wolff incorporate a lot of history in this article, which makes it worth reading. They talk about the background of the tournament. In 1939, the National Association of Basketball Coaches founded March Madness, which is the NCAA Men’s Basketball tournament. For the first twelve years, there were only 8 active teams. The tournament started to increase in popularity and gained over 60 teams within  3 decades (Gregory and Wolff). They also explain how in 1989, the game between Georgetown and Princeton â€Å"saved† March Madness, and slowly but surely became the most popular sporting event, right behind the Super Bowl. Before 1989, the March Madness tournament was starting to become predictable, and there was a real controversy concerning teams with low rankings being involved in the tournament because they would have â€Å"no chance† of winning a title. Gregory and Wolff say â€Å"A St. Patrick’s Day audience, then the largest ever for a college basketball game on a young network called ESPN, was going to see a 16th seed–the lowest in the tournament–beat a No. 1 for the first time†. Before this game, no one in college basketball had witnessed this happen. Bob Scrabis, the senior captain of the Princeton Tigers basically changed the game forever. Princeton, being the lowest ranked team in tournament, gave Georgetown a run for their money. With one second left in the game and down one point, Scrabis took the shot of lifetime, but missed. Even though the Tigers did not beat the number one seeded Georgetown Hoyas, they proved that any team, ranked low or high, could provide the entertainment of a good game and possibly future upsets. When basketball fans read this, they learn the background of one the most notorious sporting events that caused an uproar in college basketball and opened the eyes to many. They would also realize how March Madness as a tournament has changed and has become as big as it is now. Although the history of the game is very important, Gregory and Wolff are so knowledgable in the game of basketball that the way they describe this game makes readers feel like they could close their eyes and see the action happen. Details can make or break a story, and in this case they made it. One way they showed details were by describing the conversation of the sports analysts Dick Vitale and John Saunders, who were calling the game. Dick Vitale said â€Å"that if Princeton won, he would hitchhike from ESPN’s offices in Bristol, Conn., to Providence and lead the Tigers’ cheerleaders for the second-round game† (Gregory and Wolff). This was a While comparing the two teams, Gregory and Wolff say: The teams also had contrasting styles. The Hoyas pushed the tempo and  pressured the ball full-court. â€Å"We had a very nasty disposition about us,† says Mourning. â€Å"We played hard-nosed, rough, very defensive-minded, in-your-face basketball.† The Tigers slowed the pace in an attempt to neutralize the physical gap with other teams. â€Å"You had to do something to take some minutes off the clock,† says Carril. â€Å"To shorten the game.† Carril’s squad ran an intricate offense designed to lull defenses to sleep. The moment they conked out, the Tigers deployed their signature play: a backdoor cut behind an unsuspecting opponent, often for an easy layup. They include details to show readers how the teams have played, which helps readers understand why and how this was such an important game to not just these two teams, but the whole college basketball community, as well. Another way they went into great detail is when they spoke about the outc ome of the game. Some people are impatient and want to just get to the point. Others, actually want to know every little detail to help them really understand why and what is going on. Gregory and Wolff said: But Georgetown didn’t wilt. Behind Mourning, the Hoyas clawed back until they were up by a point with one second remaining. Princeton in-bounder Matt Lapin passed to teammate Kit Mueller, who quickly put up a shot before time ran out. Mourning got a piece–of what, we don’t know. Something blew †¦ but it wasn’t a whistle to send Mueller to the foul line. It was the horn, to officially end the game. Georgetown 50, Princeton 49. This part of the article makes readers feel at the edge of their seats, waiting for the outcome of the game, just like they were watching it on TV. When authors like Wolff and Gregory include details like that, it brings life to the story that makes basketball fans want to keep reading more because it is just so intense and interesting to see how far college basketball has become. In spite of the fact that this game is a big part of college basketball history and it includes many details not everyone would want to read this article. People that do not like basketball would not read this because they would just simply not understand the content. If someone has never watched or have been around basketball before, they would not understand what the authors were talking about and why it matter in the society of basketball.  They would probably think this is just another â€Å"game† that was blown out of proportion and made to seem like a big deal. You cant understand something if you do no pay it any attention. Whether it be golf, tennis, volleyball or even football, if you have not watched that sport, you just would not comprehend what Sean and Alexander were talking about. Also, some people choose other hobbies rather than sports. They could be into other things like video games, art and music. Even though those people might not actually like basketball or any other sports at that, they could enjoy watching underdogs come up and beat predicted teams and they could also have a very high level of school spirit, so they would still support their school. March Madness as a tournament has come a long way. Gregory and Wolff do a great job of explaining the history of the NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament, making it easy to understand how the game unfolded, and putting in details that bring the article to life. Basketball fans should definitely read â€Å"The Game That Saved March Madness† by Sean Gregory and Alexander Wolff because they will gain knowledge about one of the most popular sporting events of this time and understand why it was so important. Works Cited Gregory, Sean, and Alexander Wolff. â€Å"The Game That Saved March Madness.† Time 183.11 (2014): 50. Academic Search Complete. Web. 17 Apr. 2014.

Encounter with insects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Encounter with insects - Essay Example To help me get over my fear of insect, my father’s best friend motivated me to see Dr. Smith who happens to be an expert in treating patients with entomophobia. The worst experience I had with a weird-looking insect took place inside a hospital clinic when I decided to visit Dr. Smith one Saturday afternoon. At first, Dr. Smith was very friendly as he made me describe in words how I feel when I first encountered an insect. Obediently, I explained to Dr. Smith that I was bitten by a cockroach when I was three years of age. Since then, I would scream each time I encounter a cockroach. By the time I left his clinic, I realized that it was the worst nightmare I had encountered in all my life. Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Hypnotherapy Dr. Smith explained to me that neuro-linguistic programming combined with hypnotherapy is effective in treating fear of insect. After conducting a research study on neuro-linguistic programming, I learned that this approach to psychotherapy focuse s on analyzing the interrelated link between neurological process, language, and behavioral patterns of the patient through experiential programming (Dilts et al., 1980, p. 2). With the purpose of modifying the patient’s behavior, attitude, and emotional perception about insects, hypnotherapy uses hypnosis as a technique in making the patient able to overcome fear of insect (Havens & Walters, 2002, p. 38). To help me go through diagnostic trance, Dr. Smith instructed me to close my eyes, sit comfortably in the lazy boy chair and relax for a while. This step was necessary to keep me relax throughout the hypnotic procedure. After a while, Dr. Smith instructed me to concentrate on recalling the incident when I first saw the cockroach that bit me many years ago. While concentrating on recalling how the cockroach was fast approaching me, Dr. Smith whispered in my ears to remain quiet, wait patiently, and try to recall the unpleasant sensation I felt when the cockroach was biting m y feet. Even before proceeding to next procedure, I was not able to help but freak out and get distracted by the creepy sensation I started to feel. Therefore, Dr. Smith had no other choice but to repeat the hypnotic procedure right from the start. Carrion Beetle After the 3rd try, Dr. Smith was successful in making me overcome the creepy sensation I was receiving from trying to recall the past incidence I had with the cockroach. At that point, I was very thankful to Dr. Smith for helping me deal with my own fear. Since I was very happy and contented with the hypnotic therapy results, I was rushing my way out of Dr. Smith’s clinic so I can share the good news to my father. Even before I managed to leave the clinic, Dr. Smith called my attention and told me that the therapeutic intervention was not yet over. To ensure that I was able to effectively deal with my fear, Dr. Smith told me that I need to go through the last stage of clinical test. Dr. Smith instructed me to wait fo r him while he gets something from the laboratory room. Smiling back at him, I said â€Å"okay†. While he was out of the clinic, I was imagining how my parents would react with the good news. After a couple

Research paper on hiv in the miss delta Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On hiv in the miss delta - Research Paper Example Consequentially, the federal government has been instrumental in dealing with this situation. It has invested massive resources in treatment and research in finding a lasting cure (Mancoske and Smith, 2004). However, the epidemic continues to spread at a staggering rate. In controlling the situation, the Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) has been instrumental in focusing on the progress in fighting the pandemic. While focusing on the Mississippi delta, CDC conducted research on the prevalence of the epidemic in the area. It was found out that Mississippi is an area highly affected with HIV. To control the situation, most of the organizations that deal with HIV and AIDS have decided to focus their attention in this area. According to statistics conducted in Mississippi in 2011, there are more males that are affected than females. The statistics state that 69% of the population affected with HIV (Schneidewind, 2011). On the other hand, only 31% are females affected with HIV. This shows that the spread of HIV among males is more than half when compared to females. Attention in Mississippi has been drawn to assist in reduction of spread amongst males. This has been successful as many organizations have started educational centers to sensitize the population. This has been doing well as the spread of HIV has been recording a drop. In taking a closer look at the demographics, it is estimated that 72% of the people living with HIV are blacks who are not Hispanic. This is followed by 23% of whites who are not Hispanic. Hispanic and Asian people living with HIV are estimated at 2% each. The other percentage is spread across other races and ethnicities. In the recent research in 2011, it is believed that social factors are contributors in the spread of HIV (Schneidewind, 2011). Is it stated that the spread of HIV is rife in southern counties of Mississippi where people are living in mere squalor (Acton, 2012). According to recent statistics, it shows that counties that have the highest number of people affected with HIV are living in abject poverty. Statistics show that one in every five people live below the acceptable poverty line (Schneidewind, 2011). As such, a fifth of the population is earning far less income to sustain their lifestyle. Consequentially, there is a close connection between people living below the federal poverty line and the spread of HIV (Satcher, 2007). People that live below the federal poverty line are ten times more likely to have HIV than people that have a steady income and live above the poverty line. For instance, a household that earns less than $ 10, 000 in a year houses people that are more likely to have HIV as compared to families that earn over $ 50, 000 in a year. Similarly, the healthcare services in these regions are in deplorable state. The access to healthcare has been a hard task and people are likely to be affected by opportunistic diseases (Ciambrone, 2003). In controlling the situation, t he federal government has ensured there is supply of more resources to these areas. Improvement of healthcare services has been instrumental in reducing the prevalence of HIV. In addition to this, unemployment plays a big role in the spread of HIV. It is estimated that the unemployment rate in Mississippi is at 10%. This increases the number of people that are prone to infections. Awareness is one of the factors that contribute to reduction in the spread of

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Leadership - Essay Example Thirdly, the leader should provide the knowledge and methods needed to realize the vision and influence others to buy into the idea. As passion is contagious, the leader must communicate in a passionate and clear way. Consequently, the leader should coordinate and balance the conflicting interests in stakeholders and be able to think and act creatively in difficult situations. There are traits that a leader should posses. Integrity, honest deals, controlled emotions with a predictable reaction to issues and an absence of harsh outbursts. Dedication is spending more time and energy to realize the vision by inspiring other members by example. Magnanimity is to give credit where it is due and be responsible for failures and humbleness to elevate everyone (Daft & Lane, 2011). A leader should have an open mind to listen to new ideas and suspend judgment while listening to others ideas, check the facts before passing judgment to gain trust and respect. Leaders are to be creative to think d ifferently and lead to new directions. Humor fosters good camaraderie. Humor is vital for a leader to relieve boredom, tensions and defuses hostility. This paper examines my leadership in terms of the participative theory and presents the plan of action to improve my motivation and leadership skills. Leadership theories, styles, and their influence on motivation The skills theory states that knowledge and abilities acquired by learning are significant factors for effective leadership. The argument in this theory is that skills and qualities learned, developed and acquired are keys to leadership performance. Skills are what leaders can accomplish, whereas traits are who leaders are (Northouse, 2009). Technical skills are knowledge, competency and proficiency in a specific work. For instance use of computer application software as MS office. Human skills assist us get along and communicate with people. Conceptual skills help leaders better decide and comprehend the actions and measure s for ideas and concepts. To some extent, the theory disavows a connection between the inherited characteristics and capacity to be an effective leader. However, it brings confusion when someone holds the skills and qualities but do not become a leader. This is one of the difficulties in using skills theory to explain leadership (Northouse, 2009). The situational theory, suggests that one needs to adjust and adapt to the circumstances in different situations to be an effective leader. The choice of action is based on situational variables. Factors to determine how to adapt are the competence and commitment of the stakeholders. Either aggressive decisions are made or there is room for negotiations (Ortimiere & Meese, 2010). In this theory, the leader may involve all members when making a critical decision and be task relevant. To determine the duties to assign, the leader should know the maturity level of followers in relation to a specific task. Therefore, situational leadership inf luences activities of individuals towards goal achievement in a given situation. According to the contingency theory, success depends on the leadership style, the qualities and traits of the followers and the aspect in which the situation is. It advocates for a positive approach towards unforeseen incidents. There should be a match between the leadership style and the unique situation or setting. It is different from the situational theory since, in situational the focus is on adapting to situations while in contingency effective leadership depends on the degree of fitness between a leaders qualities, style and that of a situation (Daft & Lane, 2011). The elements to be looked

A new product launch in a 1 higher income country and 1 lower or Essay

A new product launch in a 1 higher income country and 1 lower or middle income country-business - Essay Example An explanation of how each country was eliminated will be given in the report. Throughout the report many different sources have been used to collate the different types of data and external reading surrounding the different types of vehicles which are required for this report. Introduction 1.1 Product Description Montar Vehicles is a fleet of vehicles that will range from 2 door coupes to 4 door saloons, in terms of the vehicles itself it will be fitted with the latest technology to ensure both the driver and the passengers have a luxury traveling experience. Such technology for the driver would include rear and front camera, automatic aid reversing whilst the passenger are able to watch movies in surround sound whilst drinking their preferred beverage ‘ice cold’ from the drinks cooler provided. Executive options can be added for chauffeur driven styles like the hand stitched leather upholstery, wooden oak glazed interior, making it a direct competitor to the existing h igh end luxury car vehicles that are well established. The price range for these vehicles will be between ?100,000- ?350,000 depending on the car chosen, with the lower boundary competing with car brands Mercedes-Benz, BMW & Audi whilst the upper price boundaries will compete with the likes of Bentley, Maybach and Rolls Royce. 1.2 Target Group To appreciate the high-price, high-end range of Montar vehicles, the customer must have a certain sensibility and regard for finer things. The customer will typically belong to the affluent class of society and will have a taste for exclusive, expensive things. He will also understand that driving a certain vehicle bespeaks a lot about a person’s individuality, preferences and personality. The Montar 2 door coupe and the 4 door saloon is a vehicle that would be aimed at the high net worth individuals that have the purchasing power to enjoy such vehicle. The coupe is aimed at the younger members of the affluent class, aged between 18 and 35, who are looking for the classier driving experience. They have great-looking possessions, successful and happening lives and similar social circles to move in. On the other hand, the more prudent saloon is seen more as a chauffeur driven vehicle for the extremely wealthy, senior level professionals and businessmen. The classy exterior would appease their aesthetic sensibilities and the comfortable, first-class interior would allow the passengers to travel in comfort. The target audience comprises of individuals who already own chauffeur driven vehicles like the Rolls Royce Phantom. The positioning will be such that owning a Montar will display the individual’s financial standing and robustness. Along the same lines, industrialists, media moguls and celebrities would be another important target audience of the Montar due to the fact that many people would become aware of the vehicle through the publicity. Domestic and Global Market for Luxury Vehicles UK Market for Luxury Vehicles. With the onset of the global recession in 2007, almost every industry was faced with tighter cash flows and faltering sales figures. The auto industry saw very similar circumstances with key consumers having tighter finances and reluctance to put large amounts of money into buying luxury vehicles. This trend continued well through the next two years. There was a staggering 59% fall in sales from the previous year, which stressed the direness of the recession. Fig:

Chinese Cinema Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chinese Cinema Analysis - Research Paper Example I figured pursuing Chinese cinema will be a considerable source of information regarding the section. In addition, studying Chinese cinema will offer me different approaches that are outside the average of what any film student’s scope. This is an area where most people to do not venture in their studies. Chen has been visible in Chinese cinema from the 1980s up to recent times. In analyzing Chen, the paper will focus on various elements present in the films under his name. For instance, the subject matter of the film, plot, setting, characters depicted theme and cinematography. Two films, Farewell My Concubine and Yellow Earth will be the main focus of Chen’s film. Chen Kaige Films from China have become a celebrated part of world cinema, winning prizes at film festivals and widespread viewers. The force behind these achievements is the vision and talent of a young group of filmmakers who emerged in the 1980s. One of the major contributors to these achievements is Chen Kaige. Most of the characters in Chen’s films stand out as happy and carefree people, which cannot be a reflection of the director’s life. This renowned director in Chinese cinema was born in Beijing in 1952, to the father who was equally popular because of his effort in the cinema industry in Chi na. At a remarkably tender age, Chen pursued his dream in film and in the year 1978, he joined Beijing Film Academy. While in the academy, Chen met other presently renowned film-makers, Zhang Yimou and Tian Zhuangzhuang, who helped revolutionize the film industry in China. Most people who studied film in the academy later came to be known as the Fifth Generation. From the works of Chen Kaige in the 1980s and the present, it is evident that China has undergone tremendous changes. According to Chen, the dream of an idealized socialist society had a new place in the fashionable need for material wealth. Despite this change, totalitarian predispositions remain evident in Chinese cinema such as censorship of films.  

Critically evaluate how people resourcing policies and practices can Essay

Critically evaluate how people resourcing policies and practices can influence the level of employee commitment and engagement with in the workplace - Essay Example licies may not be that effective and these can be discussed in the light of theoretical analysis to show how company policies can influence the level of employee commitment and engagement. Employee engagement is defined by Vance (2006) in plain business language and he says that, â€Å"Though different organizations define engagement differently, some common themes emerge. These themes include employees’ satisfaction with their work and pride in their employer, the extent to which people enjoy and believe in what they do for work and the perception that their employer values what they bring to the table (Vance, 2006, Pg. 2)†. This definition is very applicable in business terms since it allows companies not only to create a level of engagement based on the factors mentioned above but also gauge the level of engagement which employees have. Under this definition, those companies who are helping people enjoy their work, show commitment to the people working for the company and help them when they need to be motivated will eventually have employees who are more committed than others. The psychological contract also plays a role here since the individuals who are engaged with the company and are said to be committed are expected to believe in what they are working with and they need to have pride in their employer. The psychological contract itself is defined as the unwritten contract between the employer and the employee regarding the commitment which they both have to each other (Barnett et. al., 2004). To show the importance of employee commitment and engagement, two examples are used as pertinent cases. These are international companies who have shown how engaging and committing employees is possible through several different means and they also show the advantages which a company can gain if the employees working for the company are fully engaged with active psychological contracts. The examples also show what could happen if employees become disengaged from

Switching From a Trimester Academic Calendar To a Semester Academic Calendar Essay Example for Free

Switching From a Trimester Academic Calendar To a Semester Academic Calendar Essay Part 1: Introduction Background of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The trimester program has normally been implemented to help students learn in a much faster way in consideration with the time and the finances that would be involved within the studying periods that the learning process in trimester universities offer. For several years now, the industrialized and top progressed countries around the world have effectively adapted to this particular way of learning. In fact, many among the students within the said countries are able to apply their learned skills abruptly after attending school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, there are also some risks that the education regulators face in implementing this particular time-controlling procedure of learning among students. Of course, as said earlier, in terms of time and finances, trimester certainly gains advantage, however, the questions are, are the students learning the important points of the courses that they enroll into in such a short span of time? Are the teachers able to impart to their students the most important part of the lessons that they teach? Could it be that the students need more time to learn their professions for application later on? What are the results of the said learning system in the working industry and how does it affect the performance of the national economy? These questions primarily raised the possibilities of some universities’ aiming to switch their academic calendar to semester programs. Statement of the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering the facts mentioned above, it should then be clear that there are necessary elements that contribute to student learning procedures that need attention in pursuing the switching of academic calendars from trimester to semester program offerings of certain universities. The balancing of the views with regards the effectiveness of educational planning and presentation to the students is indeed one of the most serious issues faced by the different departments devoted to educational advancements. The question then is that â€Å"What academic schedule is really much more practical between the trimestral and the semestral programs offered within universities? Giving importance to this particular issue is a necessary for the advancement of the implication of education among the different institutions around the country. Methodologies To be able to come up with a considerably amiable plan in dealing with the situation raised herein, it is necessary to consider some certain discussions that would be presented within the paragraphs that follow. This would be done through research and interview among the major educational administrations that are most likely concerned with the issue being dealt with by the author of this study.    Part 2: Data Collection and Discussion The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Trimester program   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The trimester program, as mentioned earlier has primarily been designed in assisting students who are preempted to be fast learners to attain a degree in college in a much faster procedure, reducing the time and the finances that they are to use to be able to finish their studies.   To expand this particular part of the discussion, the finances shall be broken down to categories that would actually show the large amount of money saved by students and their parent under a trimester program: Boarding and Miscellaneous Expenses Since each trimester is reduced to three months, the expenses that the students would be paying for their dormitories or boarding houses would be reduced as well. Aside from this, the miscellaneous fees and expenses that the students spend while staying within the university would also be reduced in large amount. Tuition Fee Payments Since through the trimester program, the years spent with the school days are reduced the payment for the tuition fees are then paid fast thus reducing the worries of the parents for paying   long term tuition fee rates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When it comes to studying as it is, this type of academic calendar hosts mostly academic activities and lesser extra curricular activities to help the students focus on their subjects. Most likely, students of this type of program are expected to love the pressure that they are facing in school. The consuming of time at the best possible way is what is implemented in the universities that adapt to this type of educational process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, teachers who are under this particular system also feel the pressure of stretching the time that has been given to them to discuss their lessons with their students. Most likely, what the teachers do is to give handouts to their students, stack them up with homework and do minimal discussions in class.   Preempting that their students would do well in studying by themselves and bringing out the main idea of the lessons in the classrooms, the educators settle for simple classroom recitations to base their evaluations of the student’s capabilities of learning as well as the effectiveness of their teaching procedures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most likely, the teachers are forced to concise their lessons into the most basic interpretations that they could make to help their students understand. In this case, they are not able to flavor up the discussion to help the students not only understand but better apply the lessons that they learn from school. By this fact, it could be noted that the teachers are limited in pursuing their passion for teaching as they are held tight by schedule of compliance to the deadlines that they are accustomed to meet. The Advantages and Disadvantages of a Semester Program   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Semester programs are divided in four months per academic calendar. The four months are usually aided with several extra curricular activities that are aimed to help the students loosen up form the pressures that they receive from completing their projects in school. The extra curricular activities are also aimed in finding other potentials of the students in performing their best possible abilities for the sake of the goodness of their personality development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The educators in this type of learning are actually involved in a more controllable time in their own discretion. They have more time to spend with their students in helping them cope up with the subjects especially if they are having a hard time understanding the lessons on their own. It is through this procedure of learning and teaching that the educators are able to give ample time to individual students in treating their difficulties in certain subjects. This is most especially effective in dealing with students who have a different language that the actual language being used as a medium of communication in the university.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As for example, the American society holds at least 48% of its university population devoted to assisting minorities in their learning. Primarily, the students that they deal with have different languages of origin. Hence, learning using the English language as a medium may not be that easy for them to face as a challenge to their abilities of comprehending to the lessons presented to them. This does not mean that they are less intelligent than that of the English natives. However, because of the fact that they have lesser training in using the English language, they are less able to understand the gist of the lessons that are presented to them in the universities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this setting, the educators are able to give assistance to their students at the best possible way they could as they try different alternatives to help minorities understand their lessons better. The extra time that they could use to assist students certainly allows the teachers the chance to bring the best out of their learners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although when it comes to learning procedures, the semester program of learning is amiably considerably advantageous for the learning progress of the students, the said system of academic character adaptation is much disadvantageous when it comes to the financing of the expenses that are presumably to become a must in the lives of the students while they are staying in school. The tuition fee payments are also at some point easier to deal with in terms of the length of time allotted for them to prepare for the amount needed to be paid.   What the Switching of Academic Calendar Could Do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing the advantages and the disadvantages of both academic calendar adaptations, it could be observed that both of them have their own leverage against the other. When it comes to the trimestral program the time and finances are given higher concern while the semestral programs on the other hand give much focus on the learning progress of the students. If the aim of education is to be considered closely, it could be seen that the main mission of educating students is to help them understand the lessons in the best way that they could in order for them to have a better application of the ideas in the actual practice in their employments later on. In this regard, the semestral program implication appears to be much practical. Hence, the pursuance of switching of the trimester program to the semester program is given closer concern and focus by some educational administrators. In terms of Budget and Financial Issues From a trimestral setting, the parents and the students themselves would have a better control of their budget since the length of time given for them to complete the payment responsibilities that they have to the universities. Although in terms of boarding expenses the payment may not be that low, the adjustment of the activities that the students engage with may do the trick of reducing and balancing both time and budget that are allotted for the time of learning that they are supposed to complete. Teacher or Educator Adjustments   Trimestral teachers are to be given a lengthened chance of reevaluating their teaching lesson plans thus be able to recreate their system in assisting the students individually in their studies. They could then a lot more time in discussing their lessons in class rather than just sending the works to their students for home completion. Recitation activities are still applicable however; the time could be extended as length of days that certain activities and lessons are to be hosted by the educators to help their students comprehend with the gist ideas of the lessons. Student Learning Capabilities and Pressures The time that is given for students to have ample chance of learning their lessons could actually be turned into a more productive time that would assist the students develop several other skills that they could apply in their jobs later on. Most likely, this situation helps them asses themselves as to how much pressure they are able to tolerate and still perform at their best. For those students who belong with the minority of the population could then be assisted in understanding their lessons better through continuous practice of the usage of the language. The lack of too much pressure in accepting all the necessary lessons could be noted as a way by which the students are given leeway in practicing the knowledge that they are able to gain form the universities. Part 3: Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From this discussion, it could be noted that trimester and semester programs are able to get the best out the students in several ways of consideration. Trimestral program adaptation could be applied in universities that are giving educational assistance to the above average intellect students. This is primary because of the fact that the pressures of learning in this particular procedure of academic calendar setting could cause the minorities a hardship in comprehending with the major points of the lessons that they are supposed to be learning from their educators. In applying the semester program, the educators are able to give attention to each individual student’s progress in learning their lessons. The time that they could spend in the learning processes would indeed allow them to find the best ways by which they could apply their lessons in actual procedures of practice in the future. References: Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board. (2000). WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC CALENDAR Semesters vs. Quarters. http://www.hecb.wa.gov/Docs/reports/WSUcalendar12-2000.pdf. (July 12, 2007) U.S. Office of Education Circular No. 248, November 15, 1948. DH News Service, Bangalore. (2007). No word yet on timing, semester system. CITY SCHOOLS REOPEN, TEACHERS IN DARK OVER GOVT PROPOSALS. http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/May292007/national200705294376.asp?section=frontpagenews. (July 12, 2007) Gall. Chapter 2. Developing A Research Proposal. Stringer. Chapter 3. Initiating a Study Research Design.

Causes of Obesity and Strategies for Obesity Prevention

Causes of Obesity and Strategies for Obesity Prevention Introduction Nutrition and health are closely intertwined. Childrens growth as well as the adults as it is being said what you it is what you become and what you will be, you will be the product of what you are eating, as we all know composition of healthy body means strong physique, mentally, emotionally, as well as spiritually healthy. A good nutrition is the most basis of good health, eating the right amount of nutritious food helps our body to be healthier, There are some factors that could lead to obesity, The lack of practice sport regularly for children and their tendency to sit either because of laziness or a lack of encouragement and guidance by their parents to practice physical activities may result in healthy children is suffering from obesity and excessive. Eating habits of the child as well as the quality of the food covered by a role in the occurrence of obesity. For example the child to eat more than necessary amounts of foods with high calories instead of eating healthy foods, or eat without the child to starve or eat while watching TV or homework, all this leads to obesity. The final outcome of eating unhealthy foods at the same time the childs life style characterized by laziness is to increase the caloric intake of the child and the lack of proportion burned. What is Obesity? Obesity is a kind of disease that also can be called malnutrition it is a pathological phenomenon in a developing countries, where we can consider that any change in quantity and quality of meal can be one factor of obesity, such as fatty foods. Obesity is to increase the percentage of fat more than 30% of total body weight as a result of the accumulation of fat in it, and this accumulation results from an imbalance between energy intake from food and energy consumed in the body. Considers obesity a chronic disease and complex, such as: diabetes and high blood pressure and obesity in every sense of the worries and troubles of the victims from social problems, psychological, and the end of the Series, diseases that do not cut off such as heart disease and arthritis and varicose veins and sugar and there is a misunderstanding of the causes of the disease What are the causes? 1 Feeding style Where it is certain to devour the food high thermal exchange with non- caloric, this leads to the accumulation of fat in the human body knowing that fat has a higher efficiency of carbohydrates and proteins in the bloc in the fatty tissues of the body . The best example of this that the spread of so-called junk food rich in calories in Western countries and other countries led to the prevalence of obesity and associated diseases in many parts of the world were not appear before. If we are to be honest with ourselves, its why the first and most importantly, the only cause in 90 % of cases of obesity. 2 Lack of activity and movement It is well known that obesity is rare in people movement or who require their constant activity, but you must also know that the lack of volume of activity alone is not sufficient reason for the occurrence of obesity. There is no doubt that the activity and movement of great benefit in improving human health in general can be summarized activity and movement in one word, is a sport. 3 Psychological factors This situation prevalent in women than in men, when subjected to severe psychological problems is reflected in the image of gorging on too much food. 4 The genetic causes Research confirms that modern genetics occupies 60-80 % of the causes of disease and obesity asked about the genes in the body and has been the discovery of more than 200 genes responsible for obesity in laboratory animals, but most are still under research for humans. And genetic causes include: the way the distribution of body fat burning rate of the body and how to convert fat into energy and the activity of certain enzymes depends on some genes. 5 Gender There are some races are more likely to be obese than the Mediterranean region and the Americans of Mexican descent and Black American, While less between races such as the Far East, Japan and China, and white races in Europe and America. 6 Age And obesity rates increase with age and the more advanced age and increased weight is acceptable to increase the rate of weight (2-4 kg) every 10 years. For example: a woman in her twenties, weighing 60 kg is acceptable to be: 62 64 kg at the age of thirties 66 68 kg in the forties 68 72 kg in the fifties 72 75 kg in the sixties These natural increase with advancing age have benefits, especially among females they protect against osteoporosis where the nor epinephrine hormone estrogen fat as it reduces the appearance of wrinkles in the face and neck and hands. It is known that children with obesity are at risk of becoming obese for life. 7 Hormones and glands There are critical periods for the disease, obesity and the most important period of puberty, pregnancy, lactation and menopause. It is known that periods accompanied by disturbances in the bodys hormones and hormones, especially femininity and therefore Infection with obesity for females weak men. What is the diagnosis? How to estimate the degree of obesity: Regularly can make some simple methods to estimate the degree of obesity has, among these methods are as follows: (1) Belt test : This test for men, which uses a belt around the normal waist circumference and chest circumference , if the length of the longest waist circumference of chest circumference is evidence possible to increase the fatty tissue and there is a saying the longer the belt Palace age. (2) Mirror test: can an individual to see for himself the true picture of his body in the mirror without courtesy there is nothing wrong and is the best way to show status and body weight. (3) Test Procedure: This is done by lying on the back and put a ruler over the area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the abdomen towards the head and feet, if not touching the sides of the ruler body is evidence of increased adipose tissue. (4) Test the grip of the skin: and this is in the region of the upper arm ( ulna ) from the side or rear area above the waist and using the thumb and forefinger If the distance is more than one inch is possible to increase the guide adipose tissue . (5) Balance: This method is always used by the balance of the ordinary and it must be a week, and at the same time with the clothes and make sure of the safety of balance and position just above the ground and not over the carpet. There are also various scientific methods to estimate the degree of increase in body weight due to the accumulation of fat and adipose tissue are the most important methods used in scientific studies accurate method of measuring the thickness of the fat layer by layer by fatty holder and a special method of measuring the density of the body and the weight of the individual under the water. The account that is strictly for the purpose of differentiating between whether an individual or obese, an increase in muscle mass in the body, What are the symptoms? it takes into account age as well as weight and height, defines a way the average body weight (ABW) if the weight of women at least 75 % of the (ABW) has not animate nervous loss of appetite. Health problems caused by obesity Whether obesity occurred as a result of a medical reason or because of the lifestyle, the obesity in children is not something which should be taken lightly. The child, who suffered from obesity excessive, is more susceptible to certain health problems such as asthma, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Psychological problems A psychological pressure faced by the child, who is suffering from obesity is also a problem, which often includes ridicule from his colleagues. Well there are many other situations that exposed these children and make them feel that their mistake, for example, when go out to buy clothes and have no size for them, etc. . Mothers and fathers should use moral support of your children at the same time encourage them to be healthier. What are the treatments? To reduce the fat in food can cook meat or roasted instead of fried in fat , as you must remove the chicken skin to have a high percentage of fat and cholesterol , and when you prepare the meat must remove all visible grease . Drinks such as coffee, tea and other sugar-free or with a small amount of sugar. Remember that nuts and seeds are rich in fat do not overfed addressed. Stay away from fads and beliefs wrong food -related obesity. Not to resort to surgical procedures to eradicate fat from the body, because there are many health complications may occur as a result of these operations. Do not use drugs mitigating appetite this may have undesirable health complications. Must abstain or minimize as much as possible about eating: Butter, cream, whole milk and low-fat products sufficiency and also to avoid ice cream, pastries and pies. Jam, honey, black and white. Dried fruit. Nuts and peanuts. Sugary soft drinks. Behavioral change in our habits of eating: The behavioral change not only helps in weight loss but also helps in maintaining the continuity of the lost weight, and the most important tips for behavioral change in dietary habits, which have proved successful in weight reduction programs, are as follows: Drink a glass of water or eat salad before eating. At the time of eating food should be placed in small dishes, and the food is placed in those dishes in the kitchen and not to bring food in large containers or large dishes on the dining table. Eat slowly and chew well, and the development of eating utensils (fork and spoon and knife) on the table between the quid and the other so do not forget to address the food quickly. Eat in one room and not busy with any other work such as reading or eating while watching TV. Once you leave the table quickly finished eating. Do not go shopping and buy food in the case of hunger, and not to buy foods so as not to be blocked off for the difficulty to resist. Store food away from the vision. Practicing and exercises: Must practice any sport light on a regular basis as it helps to burn fat , and the most suitable sport is walking , and Ive found that walking for an hour a day at a rate of 4 kilometers at a rapid pace resulting in the loss of 300 kcal . Sports and beside it consumes energy, they lead to a reduction of tension and boredom associated with the system when you do lose weight and to get out of the individuals home away from eating as well as improve the efficiency of the blood. How can it be prevented? are there any changes in lifestyle or eating habits that are needed? List nutrients that may help to prevent this disease and their effect (function) Have your priorities your system balanced food. Ways to avoid getting obese and maintain proper nutrition: Encouraged your child to exercise regularly. Take to your child regularly to the Club or to any public park where can play and running freely with the rest of the children. Limits critical situation for the time spent in front of your childs daily TV or the computer or play video games on. share your children in planning for meals and in shopping when buying groceries. Eat together at the dining table as much as possible. Avoid eating in front of the TV. Ate healthy snacks such as fresh fruit and vegetables, fresh juices, Yogurt, low-fat cheese, eating these foods is better than eating candies and chocolate. Do not use food as a reward or punishment. Mothers sometimes used candies as a way to reward children and this makes children more loving it. The causes of obesity, a suffering of women who look in the mirror when they feel their weight getting heavier to a great extent , in fact, more than 55 % of women exceed their weight ideal weight by more than 20 % . UAE statistics- what % of people are obese, any other data, tables, graphs, etc. Write a concluding paragraph including how we can solve the problem of obesity in UAE I concluded that avoiding the use of diets or lists of diets in books and trade magazines to lose weight, you should take the food program of specialized sources ( a dietitian or a doctor who specializes in nutrition ) and the Centers Fitness in many Arab countries do not provide lists of healthy diet , and there is no by specialists in nutrition , its best not to rely on these centers in nutrition. After consulting a doctor and taking the required laboratory tests must engage in aerobic exercise, such as aerobic exercises, walking, swimming, preferably after exercise at least two hours of eating the main meal. Eating foods rich in dietary, fruits and wheat bran, whole grains, these foods as well as a few calorimetric need longer to digest and give a sense of satiety. The reduction of fatty food and the use of different kinds of fat in the kitchen. Limit the intake of foods that contain sugars and processed sweets chocolate, canned fruits, jams, soft drinks and others. References WHO 2000 Haslam DW, James WP (2005). Obesity.Lancet366(9492): 1197–209. Kushner, Robert (2007).Treatment of the Obese Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p.158. Retrieved 2013. Adams JP, Murphy PG (July 2000).Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care.Br J Anaesth85(1): 91–108. Imaz I, Martà ­nez-Cervell C, Garcà ­a-Alvarez EE, Sendra-Gutià ©rrez JM, Gonzà ¡lez-Enrà ­quez J (July 2008). Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. A meta-analysis.ObesSurg18(7): 841–6. Barness LA, Opitz JM, Gilbert-Barness E (December 2007). Obesity: genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects.American Journal of Medical Genetics143A(24): 3016–34. Woodhouse R (2008).Obesity in art: A brief overview.Front Horm Res. Frontiers of Hormone Research36: 271–86. Pollack, Andrew (June 18, 2013).A.M.A. Recognizes Obesity as a Disease.The New York Times. Archived fromthe originalon June 18, 2013. Weinstock, Matthew (June 21, 2013).The Facts About Obesity.HHN.American Hospital Association. Retrieved 2013. Sweeting HN (2007).Measurement and Definitions of Obesity In Childhood and Adolescence: A field guide for the uninitiated

The African American Struggle From Slavery

The African American Struggle From Slavery A long and favored mantra of the African American community has been that which doesnt destroy you tends only to makes you stronger. Using these as bywords, the struggle to survive and prosper in the United States has not always been an easy road traveled by African Americans . From surviving the Middle Passage, to the auction blocks, to life on the plantations, to the Emancipation Proclamation and on to the Great Migration of blacks from the south to northern cities, life has always been one of definite hardships. Religion, faith in a loving and forgiving God and a belief that there had to be a better way helped the African American ever forward moving and strong. Although the concept of slavery was not new to Africans, there were a number of differences in the enslavement in ones own country and the enslavement in one so foreign. In Africa, for example, slaves became adopted members of the kinship group that enslaved them. Often, they married into a lineage, even into high ranks of society. Slaves could also move up in society and out of the slave role. Also, the children of slaves were not presumed to be born into slavery. The beginning of slave trade began as early as the 1500s and was a profitable business to both sides , African and European. As time wore on, Europeans needed more and more slaves. The African tribesmen who had once been in favor of such trade, no longer wished to continue. Thus began the capturing of the needed slaves. Those Africans who resisted dealing in human cargo themselves became the victims of bloody slave trade. (Cayton, 2003) As it was for all slaves, the Middle Passage was a long, arduous nightmare. The slaves were branded with hot irons and restrained with shackles. Their living quarters was often a deck within the ship that had less than five feet of headroom and throughout a large portion of the deck, sleeping shelves cut this limited amount of headroom in half. Lack of standing headroom was the least of the slaves problems, though. With 300 to 400 people packed in a tiny area an area with little ventilation and, in some cases, not even enough space to place buckets for human waste disease was prevalent(Africans in America/Part 1/The Middle Passage). Faced with the nightmarish conditions of the voyage and the unknown future that lay beyond, many Africans preferred to die. But even the choice of suicide was taken away from these persons. A slave who tried to starve him or herself was tortured. If torture didnt work, the slave was force fed (Cayton, 2003). Despite the captains desire to keep as many slaves as possible alive, Middle Passage mortality rates were high. Although its difficult to determine how many Africans died en route to the new world, it is now believed that between ten and twenty percent of those transported lost their lives. (www.essortment.com) Most contemporary historians estimate that between 9.4 and 12 million Africans arrived in the New World. Disease and starvation due to the length of the passage were the main contributors to the death toll with amoebic dysentery and scurvy causing the majority of deaths. Additionally, outbreaks of smallpox, syphilis, malaria, measles, and other diseases spread rapidly in the close-quarter compartments. The number of dead increased with the length of voyage, since the incidence of dysentery and of scurvy increased with longer stints at sea as the quality and amount of food and water diminished with every passing day. In addition to physical sickness, many slaves became too depressed to eat or function efficiently because of the loss of freedom, family, security, and their own humanity.(Library think quest) Still, the majority of the captives survived and were soon headed for the auction blocks in America. Once in the Americas, slaves were sold, by auction, to the person that bid the most money for them. It was here that family members would find themselves split up, as a bidder may not want to buy the whole family, only the strongest, healthiest member. When the slave ship docked, the slaves would be taken off the ship and placed in a pen like this one. There they would be washed and their skin covered with grease, or sometimes tar, to make them look more healthy. This was done so that they would fetch as much money as possible. They would also be branded with a hot iron to identify them as slaves. The slaves would be brought from the pen, in turn, to stand on a raised platform so that they could be seen by the buyers. Before the bidding began, those that wished to, could come up onto the platform to inspect the slaves closely. The slaves had to endure being poked, prodded and forced to open their mouths for the buyers. The auctioneer would decide a price to start the bidding. This would be higher for fit, young slaves and lower for older, very young or sickly slaves (Davidson, 2008). Potential buyers would then bid against each other. The person who bid the most would then own that slave. The picture below shows a slave being aucti oned to the highest bidder. The slave auction was a terrible ordeal for the slaves, they did not understand the language and had no idea what was happening   (historyonthenet.com). Most owners saw slaves as property that performed labor for their businesses. As the demand for slaves rose, so did their value. After the importation of slaves ended, owners began buying additional slaves from owners in the upper South (Cayton, et al, p288). This development started the breakup of many slave families. The slaves unable to live and work under such harsh and dehumanized conditions, started to steal away, and rebel. The institution of slavery had such a stronghold on the economy of America that it would prevail for a number of years. The most important thing to be said about slavery from the perspective of the enslaved is that millions of African Americans endured slavery by making a world for themselves in the midst of their bondage. At the foundation of this enslaved culture stood the black family. Slaveholders did this for simple economic reasons and to make it easier to control the slaves. Whatever the reasons, slaves took advantage of the opportunity to use the family environment as a refuge and as a source of cultural endurance. Enslaved children learned family history from their parents by the stories told to them while they worked along side their mothers in the fields or at night in the slave cabins. Among the survival skills taught them were proper work habits, respect for elders, reverence for a spiritual world, and how to deal with whites by putting on the Massa. In this way, black parents showed their children how to cope with slavery by fooling the master without losing ones self respect (www.slaver yinamerica.org.). In addition to relying on the strength of family networks, the enslaved turned to religion as a means of coping with slavery. During the colonial era, most enslaved Africans retained as best they could their indigenous African religions or Islam in the cases of those who had come from Muslim countries. It was not until the mid-eighteenth century that large numbers of Africans began converting to Christianity during the religious revival movement that swept over the English colonies. During this Great Awakening, English Methodists and Baptists (later) preached an evangelical style of Christianity that appealed to the emotions and offered salvation to all who embraced Christ regardless of ones class or race. This new emotional religion blended nicely with African spiritual beliefs and religious practices. Its emphasis on singing, emotional fervor, spiritual rebirth, and total body immersion in water during baptism was especially attractive to enslaved blacks (http://www.slaveryinameric a.org/history/hs_es_overview). But, the country was not at rest. Religious reforms, the anti-slavery movement and the civil war were all in progress at this time. Although very few chose not understand why the slaves wanted their freedom, several citizens did not understand the separation of the institution based on religion and religious reform(Cayton et al.) Starting in 1861, states of the North clashed with states of the South in a brutal conflict that Americans called the Civil War. The causes of the Civil War were many and complex. Many white Northerners believed that slavery violated the basic principles of both the United States and the Christian religion, and believed that slavery was an evil that could not be tolerated. The first shots fired in 1861 signaled the start of the nations Civil War and lasted for four years. Slaves were used involuntarily for labor by the Confederates. Freed African Americans were employed to build forts, drive wagons and perform noncombat jobs. Black volunteers were not allowed to join the Union army, however in 1862 Congress authorized Lincoln to accept African Americans into the military. Several months later, Lincoln made the announcement in the Emancipation Proclamation. Given this encouragement, nearly 185,000 African Americans had enlisted in the Union Army. For these soldiers, fighting to help f ree others who were still enslaved had special meaning(Cayton, p.397). From 1861 to 1865 an estimated 620,000 soldiers were killed, of which more than 38,000 were African American. The wounds of war, both physically and psychologically were not easily healed, and carried on into the twentieth century(Goldfarb, S). Nearly 240 years were to have passed before the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution officially ended slavery in 1865. This means that 12 generations of blacks survived and lived in America as enslaved people-direct descendants of the nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans imported into North America by European traders. Some of the 180,000 African Americans who fought for their freedom as Union soldiers in the American Civil War could trace their families to the time of the Pilgrims. Still this was not enough to be treated as citizen of the United States, or as a human being in general. Discrimination, education, voting rights and civil rights were to be the next items sought in the struggle to survive and prosper. The war for the African American waged on.   For many African Americans the surge of joy at gaining freedom quickly faded as they realized how many obstacles stood between them and true equality. Defeat in war had not changed the fact that white people still dominated southern society, and the white leaders of those governments quickly passed laws to restrict African Americans new found freedoms. These laws were known as black codes. These laws established again a virtual slavery. Curfews, vagrancy laws, labor contracts and land restrictions all but placed African Americans back into slavery. The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment did little to help. The Fifteenth Amendment insured no person may be denied the right to vote and for the first time in history, African Americans had political power in 1870. More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislatures. While this was all well and good, it did little for the little man not in government. The demand for a fair chance in the race of life was echoed by freed men across the South. This fair chance meant land. Give us our own land and we can take care of ourselves, but without land, our old masters can hire us or starve us as they please(Cayton, 2003). Planters had land, but no labor. Freedmen had labor, but no land. Out of these needs came sharecropping, tenant farming, and another way of being entrapped. However, a stronger people prevailed. African Americans have to this point survived the Middle Passage, life on the plantation, civil war, the black codes, sharecropping and tenant farming. They have survived beatings, burnings and even the Ku Klux Klan and World War I only to still be treated as a second class citizen. Down trodden, but not dead, African American moves on. Ever faithful, ever strong, ever seeking a better way or better day, to the land of milk and honey they go. Its migrating time-The Great Migration. After the war immigration from Europe virtually stopped, and the armed forces had taken many young men out of the labor pool. Businesses suddenly needed workers. Factory owners who had previously discriminated against African Americans now actively recruited them. The African American who had left the South to look for work in northern factories added to the steady stream of migrants had turned into a flood. Some 500,000 African Americans joined what came to be called the Great Migration(Davidson, et al, 2008). The dramatic exodus of African Americans from countryside to city and from South to North during World War I and the decade that followed changed forever black Americas economic, political, social, and cultural lives. The Great Migration was, up to that point, the largest voluntary internal movement of black people ever seen. There were several factors that drew African Americans out of the South and into cities throughout the nation. Poverty, the lack of educational facilities for the children, rigid segregation and discrimination, and limited opportunities were all among the reasons that led some to look North. Besides a dire economic situation, Southerners, as they had done during the Great Migration, were also fleeing Jim Crow. With little hope of redress in the justice system, African Americans were at the mercy of abusive employers, landlords, and almost anyone bent on depriving them of their rights. Notwithstanding the Fifteenth Amendment (1870), which guaranteed them the right to vote, the vast majority were effectively disenfranchised by restrictive rules that applied only to them. Rigid segregation in public spaces signaled by the constant presence of Whites Only and Colored signs on water fountains, restroom doors, hospital wards, transportation, and housing was a constant humiliation and a reminder that blacks were second-class citizens. Compared to the South, the North, although segregated in practice if not by law, appeared appealing (www.inmotionaame.org). The journey for equality for the African American citizen in the United States continue, great strides have been made. African Americans are once again in the political arena. We are entitled to fair and equal housing , education and employment. We now have an African American president. The struggle has been long, arduous, and steeped with many hills to climb. In keeping to the mantra by which many African Americans live it has been proven that which does not destroy us tends to make us stronger prevails.

How Our Universe Was Created :: essays papers

How Our Universe Was Created Creation Stories, myths that explain the origin of the universe, or cosmos. The origin of the cosmos forms one of the principal themes of mythology throughout the world. (Rev. Bruce Vawter). Cosmogony has attempted to explain everything from the Greek deities Uranus (sky god) and Gaea (earth goddess), to say the creation of humankind, after which the mythic cosmos comes to resemble the world of human experience. In mythic history, the earliest era of the world is usually the closest to perfection-a Golden Age or Garden of Eden. There are thirty-five religions that I have heard of and countless others that have not been documented. I have always wondered why we Latinos, African, Asians, Italians, Indians, and the rest of the cultures on this earth practice different religions and ideas. The answer is billions of years ago, in a galaxy far away, an intergalactic council was formed. The council members consisted of dozens of what we call Gods. Each was a ruler of a planet. And on each of these planets there were people who worshiped their Creator (God). The climate of each world was different from the other. Each planet could only sustain life for its people. The inhabitant’s needed a particular climate so that they could survive. Even there agriculture was dependant on the climate as well. One day the supreme deity who created each of the Gods, decided to allow each of the member’s to unite it’s people with the other. They wondered how they would be this since all of the planets differed in climate and no one could survive on the others planet. So it was decided that they would all create what today is know as the Milky Way. With careful planning the RNA/DNA was joined to create a human that would be able to withstand various climates and be able to eventually procreate. Fifteen billion years ago, give or take five billion years, the entirety of our universe was compressed into the confines of an atomic nucleus. Known as a singularity, this is the moment before creation when space and time did not exist. According to the prevailing cosmological models that explain our universe, an ineffable explosion, trillions

Comparing History for Hawthorne and Brent :: comparison compare contrast essays

Understanding History for Hawthorne and Brent    Knowing and understanding social, political, and cultural history is extremely important when reading many novels, especially Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Linda Brent and any short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Both of these authors had many extinuating circumstances surrounding their writings that should be noted before reading their works. Without knowing what was happening both in the outside world and in the respected author's life, one cannot truly grasp what the author is trying to say or what the author truly means by what he or she is saying. In this paper, I will show how important it is for the reader to understand the social, political, and cultural happenings in the writer's lives and in the world surrounding them during the times that their works were written.    Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl is an incredible example for what I am trying to show. This book was written during a time of extreme racial segregation and the hatred and cruelty shown, in general, towards blacks from whites is extremely important to understand before reading the story. This book tells the story of the life of a young, black, female slave in the south and focuses on trying to explain the trials, tribulations, and emotional and physical suffering that she, and many others like her, endured while being involuntary members of the institution of slavery. Brent, like every other victim of the atrocity we call slavery, wished those in north would do more to put a stop to this destructive practice. As she stated, slavery is de-constructive to all who surround it. It tears apart families; not just families raised in slavery, but the master's family as well. How could the free men and women of the north remain silent while such a great atrocity is still in practice?    Brent confronts her reader one on one in order to reemphasize her point. She uses the family and sentiment to appeal to and challenge the 19th century white women reader in order to effectively gain their support in the movement for abolition. Understanding what was going on in our nation, in the southern states, and in the northern states is incredibly important when reading this story. Slaves were nothing more than property and, in many cases, were treated with less respect than the family dog.

Sociology and Coffee

Writing Assignment #1 Coffee is a beverage that is globally consumed, but also a product that has different values in different parts of the world. The role coffee plays in society differs around the world, from the farmers who grew the crops to the people who constantly consume them. Social theoretical perspectives are capable of showing the different roles coffee has in different societies. Symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and Marxism are three theories which show coffee’s role sociologically.These theories show how coffee affects people physically, how it affects them emotionally, how it leads them to have interactions, how it connects different parts of society, and how it’s economically controlled by a select few. Symbolic interactionism is a social theoretical approach established by George Mead, which emphasizes the importance of symbols and language in understanding the social world. This theoretical theory first allows us to derive the symbolic meanings coffee has on society. Coffee is often viewed as a beverage for energy.It’s often drunk in the morning for means of getting drive after one has woken from sleep, or during the day when one is having a tiresome day, or sometimes after the consumption of alcohol to sober up. All these symbols can be used to identify the nature of coffee consumption within society. These symbols can lead to the social interaction, which George Mead said, involved the exchange of symbols. People can understand a person’s state of mind and mood when they see them drinking coffee, because coffee is capable of symbolizing certain moods.When people see one another drinking coffee before conversing, in Mead’s theory, it’s the exchange of symbols, in this case how one is feeling at that moment. After understanding one another, the people then can start talking in the manner in which they want to. Functionalism is another social theoretical approach which emphasizes the study of soc ial activity as society functions as a whole. In the case of coffee, this involves the chain of events that take place, starting with the coffee as a form of a crop all the way to it reaching the consumer.This gives us a clear understanding of society’s role in the production and consumption of the beverage, and the important role each one plays. Coffee is consumed around the world, but the wealthy nations consume far more than anyone else, even than the countries which produce the coffee. Functionalism advocates moral consensus, which is the maintenance of equality within society. In the case of coffee though, the wealthy countries have completely forgotten about equality and often economically oppress the countries which produce the coffee.People within these wealthy countries simply demand their coffees and have forgotten about the lengthy process coffee takes to get to them. In the functionalism of coffee, everyone plays an important part and it’s possible the disa ppearance of one group can lead to the collapse of the whole chain. Yet coffee has led to divisions being created as well as conflicts arising, all due to the wealthy and powerful creating policies that only benefit them and their associates. Functionalists stress to people to understand everyone’s importance within society, and to oppose those who seek to create social ranks.Marxism is also another social theoretical approach which emphasizes political reform but basically leads to more conflict. Marxists are often open to these changes in policy for their own advantages, in order to get more for their respective groups. Coffee is a valuable product on the world market and is often an issue of conflict over who receives more. The wealthy countries, through their power and shared ideologies, are able to dominate this area of the market and retrieve more coffee for themselves.When these groups with extensive powers come together with similar values, they legitimize their hold on the product of coffee. Similar to how the colonial powers dictated the route of coffee, these powerful groups with similar ideologies, will be able to control the market and decide if and how much coffee other countries will receive. This will cause rank division and ultimately lead to class conflict among nations. The powerful groups actually prefer these conflicts though, because it enables them to show their strength and have a stronger say in the coffee market.The sociological nature of coffee consumption can be defined through three theoretical methods. The first is symbolic interactionism and involves the observation of coffee as a symbol within society. Coffee can be regarded as an energy beverage, since it allows consumers to go on when tired. The second is functionalism and involves the chain of events which lead coffee from the farms around the world to the consumer. Coffee goes through a lot of steps to reach consumers around the world, but most are not aware of the lo ng journey it experiences.The third is Marxism and involves the groups, mostly the wealthy, who are in favor of changing policies to receive more coffee and dictate the market due to their wealth and similar ideals. The countries which produce the coffee as well as other poor countries which demand coffee are often oppressed financially by the wealthy that control all the influence in who receives the coffee. Coffee is no longer seen as a beverage but as a pile of money to the people who control its value on the market.

Topic civil war

This is to analyze American Civil War based on James McPherson’s For Cause and Comrades and Sam Watkins Company Aytch, by knowing what were the most important factors that led men to join and stay with the armies. This paper will also consider the ways in which those reasons differed between North and South, and discuss why the resolve to fight largely collapsed in the Confederacy by 1865, while it continued to endure in the North. 2. Analysis and Discussion 2. 1 In general, soldier fought for cause and comrades When people go to war they do not do it for nothing.Normally nobody wants to go to war hence going to war must have their good reasons for violating their peace. It must be for reason for cause with the belief that reason of because if more important than allowing the other person of party to continue what he or she must be doing. Tolerance is therefore no longer an option hence resolution by bringing to war is the only best option to resolve the situation. What McPher son tried to paint from his work entitled For Cause and Comrades about the reason that men and women may have in going to war. The very title is speaking for reasons in getting to war.In his work, James McPherson asks that question of the combatants on both sides of the American Civil War. With his subtitle asking the familiar question: â€Å"Why did men fight in the American Civil War? † , one could readily agree that author purposely finds real reason why people go the war. The thesis therefore of this his book is that men and women go to war for cause and for comrade. Allowing the more important word to absorb the less significant one would have reduce the title into War for Cause since doing for comrades is for cause as well.He must have therefore his own reasons for choosing the title and there might be a need for special emphasis for comrades. Hence, McPherson must have been arguing that the main title states the two most important reasons: a cause moved each of them to enlist, but cohesiveness among comrades sustained them to the end. The author reported to have turned the pages of the diaries and letters of 647 Union and 429 Confederate soldiers, and he followed a simple method by categorizing the reasons and inserting four quotations from letters or diaries for each category.It may be noted that about each soldier, McPherson provided basic information: whether the soldier fought for the Union or the Confederacy, and when and to whom he wrote. His comments on each set of quotations are thin. His typical entry, early in the first chapter: quoted â€Å"I am sick of war,† as written by a Confederate officer to his wife in 1863, and of the severance from the dearest objects of life–his family. 2. 3 Resulting answers based McPherson's researchMcPherson's work was able to extract fourteen key answers as reasons for going to war and these include martial enthusiasm, comradeship, character, and discipline and leadership religion. Other rea sons include defense of homeland and preservation of the union. While further reasons include: liberty, slavery, vengeance, duty, glory, and honor. McPherson found both rebels and Yankees to have given similar reasons, except, as expected , on the subject of slavery.In doing his topical index, McPherson inserted other attitudes, motives, and types of experiences the soldiers recorded as the same soldiers followed their reasons for fighting which may be adventure, , desertion, cowardice, the draft, skulking, coercion, desertion. The other reasons for fighting include pursuit of promotion, combat stress, rage, poor morale and homesickness. Using some principles from the work of John A. Lynn, McPherson was steered by three categories of motivation: First is initial motivation, followed by sustaining motivation and finally combat motivation.It was found out the group cohesion and peer pressure were indeed powerful factors in combat motivation and were also connected to the multifaceted mixture of concepts of duty, honor, patriotism , ideology, community of peer pressure and manhood that prompted these soldiers enlist in the army, first place. McPherson then argued for a more relevant relationship among these three categories for Civil War soldiers compared with others’ work major appeal of this book is the purely interesting, sometimes awesome, but always brief stories the soldiers tell to express their reasons for fighting.2. 4 Is there basis to take Soldiers’ Writings at Face Value? McPherson had asked questions whose answers appear from the dairies and letters of soldiers he reviewed . He is therefore, inclined to take what they say at face value. From an objective historian’s point of view, it may be asked whether there is basis to take the writings at their face value. By making his title: For Cause of Comrades, McPherson appeared to have taken upon himself that what he got from the diaries and letter is really what the authors to communi cate.As a general rule a diary is something personal where if the issue is truthfulness of its contents, this researcher therefore would like to give credence the validity of those events happening with the official function of the knowledge as made known to the faculties. Although McPherson's findings represented to have the many letters, he was just trying to extract the motives from those statements. It may be argued that people react differently to situations and reactions to situations could be numerous or the context from which statements were made do really vary hence they could be capable of different meanings.Psychology is different field from law. Although in both field, motives may be used to predict behavior, the predicted behavior may really vary from the actual result. Trying to infer what was the motive by reading statements would have the characteristics of being speculative. If speculation could be away of learning for something that will come then by all means it s hould used not sparingly since the cost could be higher if futures are not studied well in the content of agreement. Motives as used by McPherson has catalogued are not the same as actual events as proved evidence.Realities cannot be equated with simple extraction from testimonies found in letters or diaries. The same argument may hold even by a quantitative statistical analysis of all the letters ever written, combined with sociological, cultural, linguistic, and psychological, principles. It may therefore be safely deduced that motives standing by themselves and by their very nature, possess few of the necessary attributes of fact. One could accept the at the most what could be done in the diaries and letters is just the option of speculation. Fortunately but speculation as sometime done have become useful sometimes.One could therefore speculate on the motive for fighting based on reading the from the testimony of soldiers on their motives for fighting, in terms of the level of co nsciousness motive as they say their own piece of their own stories. In psychology many thing is possible as it could be possible that while at certain time, the writer's conscious motive is to reassure, it is also possible that his unconscious motive is self-delusion. If the soldier asks his own self why he needs to the joining the draft, and thereby answered is religion, then such is a prerogative of any person.Taking the words of soldiers at their face value must be given credence given this may even be sustained in the court of law. In law the express meanings of the word are given preference over the implied meaning. The probability therefore that contents of the diaries are true is more than not has a good chance of being upheld. 2. 5 Questions based on Answers McPherson's latest study on the motives of soldiers from their letters and diaries may be considered as an achievement itself as for further exploration and speculation.Having perhaps taken a necessary first step, while none of the reasons he gives are new, he has assembled together many colorful testimonials of soldier who have the chance to be part of the actual war. He just set to do the laying out of they soldier's own stated reason and he must be given credit for thoroughly doing in good order, and in a readable style. But to consider his approach, as if it has accomplished everything or in a context where he has already provided almost the final answers would be too simplistic.To substitute what could otherwise be an inherently complex dynamic issue where other researcher’s may take several steps further a powerful lead to further research. Some of the questions that could be asked form his work include: Is the person talking or writing a ranking or non-ranking soldier. Is the same soldier from the South or from the North. His work may not be fully compared with the work of Sam Watkins who was part of the Confederates. Having a person interpreting what other people are saying is diffe rent form having the person who actually did it to say.To the appreciate the concept, having a person to testify in court will carry more wait than a mere affidavit of a deposition taken from that person. Sam Watkins may therefore have the chance to write the most famous and most complex memoirs in â€Å"Co. Aytch† as one who was there could actually explain it more fully. The other question that could be asked included the place where the soldier is at the time he writes. This could be Winter quarters, his home, a hospital or a even prison or on a ship. Another angle is the reason for writing which is the immediate reason. Does the writer write to reassure?to reproach? to brag and to justify? Having perhaps answered to these question would make separate research that would further really explain that is causing people to go to war. The fact that one writes in a letter, a diary, or a memoir where each is different from the other. To have a deeper truth is to ask the author to whom does he write? This will normally taking to a mother, a grandmother, a father, a grandfather, a brother, a sister, a uncle, a aunt, a cousin. The following individuals people such a friend, a sweetheart, a politician, a teacher, a wife, a little child, or even fellow soldier.What is logical is a different rhetoric is aimed at each person in this array of types. It is therefore logical to a writer to anticipate the response of his audience. If the audience is one of a variety of people or oneself, a relevant question is would include trying to persuade with such rhetoric, oneself or the other person, or both. Answers to these many questions would provide a complex setting for answers to the question McPherson poses. He doesn't pose these related questions; he does not, therefore, attempt to answer them.He has acquitted himself well of an historian's task: to state a subject that deserves research, uncover what's in the record, and then give a report of the matter. But one shoul d not expect an historian to deal with questions that can be answered most effectively by experts in other disciplines. Most questions about the Civil War are simplistically posed and simplistically answered, because each question is asked is isolation of all or most others, and asked from the perspective of a single discipline. The Civil War in most of its aspects defies single-perspective explanations.Answers to McPherson's question are most useful after the most perspectives have been brought to bear. This is a task of interdisciplinary study: psychology, linguistic anthropology, statistical analysis, cultural geography, religion, political science, social science, literary criticism, military science, etc. No one discipline serves well enough. Such is the art of making further studies in the work of others . The relevancy of questions posed will have now to consider the possibilities for multidisciplinary approaches to address such complex questions.The McPherson's book appendix es points the way to the larger, more complex job to be done. There is indeed the need for more direct interpretation of McPherson's quotations in light of such information is needed. The presence of geographical distribution of white Confederate and of white Union soldiers and their occupations, a provide a mutual misunderstanding. It could thus be asserted the Civil War, was a class war–a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight. What come s next is the unanswerable question that remained? What were the reasons of the poor and illiterate, the white, the black and the foreign born to fight in going to War.3 Conclusions The most important factors that led men to join and stay with armies vary but according to McPherson’s For Cause and Comrades, basically there must be a cause that is defined with the individual level. Fighting for comrades is a cause itself but other soldiers have expressed these reasons in other ways which McPherson was able to extract and categorized f rom the letters and diaries and soldiers involved in the war. McPherson has provided readers with the means to start on asking major questions whose answer may be applied to later years such as the reconstruction era.The same answers may also illuminate one’s understanding of the evolution of the American character from 1865 to the current chapter in our history. The answers may be used also to deal with the legacy of violence, racism, distrust of government, and economic instability, in understanding the lives that Americans have in understanding others who are enduring or surviving the crucible of Civil War around the globe. Understanding the why men and women of past fight may help the Americans to deal with those wars from within and from without more effectively.Knowledge of inner reasons is good starting point of really doing a research that points the wisdom of learning from experience. The value if learning is therefore not to commit the same mistake. The book of Watk inson the other hand was written by a Confederate private who served in the Army of Tennessee for nearly the entirety of the Civil War. Having been extracted from diaries of the author during the war, it carries more credence than that of McPherson since this memoir of civil war experiences from a private's perspective is priceless in terms of primary source material.Watkins was found to be frank and impenitent, thus his book is possessed of a quality that gives the historian with unique material in terms of dealing with the sentiments that the non-elite confederates often held. Watkins’s frankness is almost certainly the most important feature of this work. His hatred of Yankees and the same level as his hatred of some of the Confederate command proposes an individual who most likely defies current simple philosophy of Yankee/Rebel mentality. Watkins is often amusing, especially when reflecting upon feelings that we would now understand as being imbedded in â€Å"class stru ggle†.Of course, Watkins’s frankness extends to his views of blacks and slaves, illuminating an individual who was both racist and yet not in the generally held conventional manner. This paper also considered the ways in which those reasons differed between North and South, and is making a resolution why the resolve to fight largely collapsed in the Confederacy by 1865, while it continued to endure in the North. The earlier collapse in the Confederacy by 1965 may be explained by the fact that the Conferacy often used slaves as naval crewmembers and soldiers, the African American soldiers were paid less than white soldiers.And the African American soldiers were discriminated against and served in segregated units under the command of white officers. It may be given emphasis that the knowledge of knowing the motivation of soldiers would be a good way to prevent a destruction of life that must come out of the war. It is said that not any one really win in war in perfect ma nner for whoever goes of war faces the risk of possible loss of life. Work Cited: McPherson , For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (Paperback) Oxford University Press, USA, Aug 28, 1998 Watkins, and Inge, Company Aytch, Plume; Subsequent edition (November 1, 1999)